COMBATING THE SCHOOL-TO-PRISON PIPELINE
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Research
Research reports on school policing and data about school safety trends
Overviews of School Policing Research
Research Reports on School Policing
Overviews of School Policing Research
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Research on the Impact of School Policing, text and PDF, ACLU of Pennsylvania, July 31, 2020
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Research to Consider as Schools Address Community Demands to Renegotiate School-Police Partnerships, ChildTrends, June 29, 2020
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What Do We Know About the Effects of School-Based Law Enforcement on School Safety?, Justice and Prevention Research Center, 2018
Research Reports on School Policing
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Effects of School Resource Officers on School Crime and Responses to School Crime, Criminology and Public Policy, July 22, 2020
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Why and When Do School Resource Officers Engage in School Discipline, American Journal of Education Forum, October 23, 2019
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Aggressive Policing and the Educational Performance of Minority Youth, American Sociological Review, forthcoming, 2019
- Patrolling Public Schools: The Impact of Funding for School Police on Student Discipline and Long-term Education Outcomes, policy brief (Education Research Center The University of Texas at Austin, November 2018) and full research paper (Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 2019)
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An Evaluation of Police Officers in Schools as a Bullying Intervention, Evaluation and Program Planning, December 2018
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School Policing: Results of a National Survey of School Resource Officers, Education Week, 2018
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Policing and Middle School: An Evaluation of a Statewide School Resource Officer Policy, Middle Grades Review, 2018
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School Resource Officers: Issues for Congress, Congressional Research Service, July 5, 2018
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Student Surveillance, Racial Inequalities, and Implicit Racial Bias, University of Florida College of Law, April 2017
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Assessing Students' Civil Rights Claims Against School Resource Officers, Pace Law Review, 2017
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Be Her Resource: A Toolkit About School Resource Officers and Girls of Color, Georgetown Law Center on Poverty and Inequality, 2017
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Bullies in Blue: The Origins and Consequences of School Policing, ACLU, 2017
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Impact of School Police: Many Unanswered Questions, Education Week, January 24, 2017
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Rethinking Law Enforcement Officers in Schools, University of Florida Law, 2016
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Students, Police, and the School-to-Prison Pipeline, Washington University Law Review, 2016
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School Resource Officers and Exclusionary Discipline in U.S. High Schools: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis, Adolescent Research Review, 2016
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School Resource Officers: Law Enforcement Officers in Schools, Congressional Research Service, 2013
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Students, Security and Race, University of Florida, 2013
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Misbehavior, Suspensions, and Security Measures in High School: Racial/Ethnic and Gender Differences, 2012
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Police Officers in Schools: Effects on School Crime and the Processing of Offending Behaviors, Justice Quarterly, 2011
State and Regional Reports on School Policing
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[Alabama] Hall Monitors with Handcuffs: How Alabama’s Unregulated, Unmonitored School Resource Officer Program Threatens the State’s Most Vulnerable Children, Alabama Appleseed, August 2019
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[California] No Police in Schools: A Vision for Safe and Supportive Schools in California, ACLU of CA, August 2021
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[California] The Right to Remain a Student: Police in California Schools , ACLU of California, 2016
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[Southern California] Our Right to Resources: School Districts are Cheating High-Need Students by Funding Law Enforcement, Gente Organizada, Public Advocates, and the ACLU Foundations of California, February 2020
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[Connecticut] Policing Connecticut's Hallways: The Prevalence and Impact of School Resource Officers in Connecticut, Connecticut Voices for Children, April 2019
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[Connecticut] Hard Lessons: School Resource Officer Programs and School-Based Arrests in Three Connecticut Towns, ACLU of Connecticut, November 2008
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[Florida] The Cost of School Policing, ACLU of Florida, September 2020
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[Florida] Safe to Learn: An Assessment of School Climate and Discipline in Florida, ACLU of Florida, June 2019
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[Louisiana] The Data Gap: School Policing in Louisiana, Southern Poverty Law Center, June 2019
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[Massachusetts] Fail:School Policing in Massachusetts, Center for Juvenile Justice and Strategies for Youth, September 2020
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[Massachusetts] Arrested Futures: The Criminalization of School Discipline, ACLU of Massachusetts, 2012
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[Michigan] For Naught: How Zero Tolerance Policy and School Police Practices Imperil Our Students' Future, ACLU of Michigan, 2015
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[Missouri] From School to Prison: Missouri's Pipeline of Injustice, ACLU of Missouri, September 2017
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[Montana] Empty Desks: Discipline & Policing in Montana's Public Schools, ACLU of Montana, December 201
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[Nebraska] From the Classroom to the Courtroom: A Review of Nebraska's School Police Programs, ACLU of Nebraska, December 2018
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[Pennsylvania] Police and Pennsylvania's Schools: What Education Leaders Need to Know, ACLU of PA, October 2019
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[Pennsylvania] Beyond Zero Tolerance: Discipline and Policing in Pennsylvania Public Schools, ACLU of Pennsylvania, February 2015
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[Rhode Island] The School-to-Prison Pipeline in Black and White, ACLU of Rhode Island, February 2015
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[Texas] Collateral Consequences: The Increase in Texas Student Arrests Following the Parkland and Santa Fe Tragedies, Texas Appleseed, July 2018
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[Texas] Dangerous Discipline: How Texas Schools are Relying on Law Enforcement, Courts, and Juvenile Probation to Discipline Students, Texas Appleseed, 2015
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[Texas] Use of Force in Texas Public Schools: The Case for Transparency, Accountability and Decriminalization, ACLU of Texas, March 2011
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[Washington] Students Not Suspects: The Need to Reform School Policing in Washington State, ACLU of Washington, April 18, 2017
How Safe are Schools?
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The School Shootings of 2019: What's Behind the Numbers, Education Week, December 23, 2019
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Fewer Fights and Increased Security: What New Data Say About School Safety, Education Week, April 17, 2019
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School Shooters: What's Their Path To Violence? NPR, February 10, 2019
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Lessons From Our Year Tracking School Shootings: Students More Likely to Be Hit by Lightning Than Shot in Class, Yet Fear of Mass Violence Is Driving Policy, The74Million, December 8, 2018
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Why There’s So Much Inconsistency in School Shooting Data, The Conversation, September 4, 2018
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The School Shootings That Weren't, National Public Radio, August 27, 2018
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What Counts as a School Shooting? The Answer to That Question Shapes Safety Debates, Education Week, August 20, 2018
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Schools 'Less Safe for Black and Brown Children,' Civil Rights Advocates Say, Education Week, April 24, 2018
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Scarred by School Shootings, The Washington Post, March 2018
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Schools Are Safer than They Were in the 90s, and School Shootings Are Not More Common than They Used To Be, Researchers Say, News@Northeastern University, February 26, 2018
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No, There Haven't Been 18 School Shootings in 2018, The Washington Post, February 2018
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School Shootings This Year: How Many and Where, Education Week, February 2018
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Amid Concerns About School Security Federal Data Show Schools Have Actually Gotten Safer, Education Week, March 2018
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Virginia High School Safety Study, University of Virginia Curry School of Education, 2008
Student Perspectives on School Safety
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When School Feels Like Prison, The Atlantic, September 12, 2016
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Students and Perceived School Safety: The Impact of School Security Measures, American Journal of Criminal Justice, 2012
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Surveillance or Safekeeping? How School Security Officer and Camera Placement Influence Students' Perception of Safety, Equity, and Support, Journal of Adolescent Health, 2018
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School Resource Officers and Students' Feeling of Safety at School, Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 2016
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Fear of Crime at School: Understanding Student Perceptions of Safety as Function of Historical Context, Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 2016
Federal Data on School Safety
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What Do the Data Reveal About Violence in Schools?, National Institute of Justice Journal, November 13, 2020
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Indicators of School Crime and Safety:2019, National Center for Education Statistics, July 2020
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Crime, Violence, Discipline, and Safety in U.S. Public Schools, National Center for Education Statistics, August 2019
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Fast Facts on School Crime and Safety, National Center for Education Statistics, 2019
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School Crime and Safety: Excerpt from The Condition of Education Report, National Center for Education Statistics, May 2019
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DOJ and ED Release New LGBTQ-Inclusive Report on School Safety, May 2017, National LGBTQ Task Force
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Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2018, National Center for Education Statistics, April 17, 2019
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Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2017, National Education Center for Education Statistics, March 2018
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Summary of School Safety Statistics, National Institute of Justice, July 2017