Research on Policing

Overviews of School Policing Research

• Police Presence in Schools Does Not Increase School Safety and Harms Students of Color, School Policing Research to Policy Collaborative and the Federal School Discipline and Climate Coalition, November, 2021

• Research on the Impact of School Policing, ACLU of Pennsylvania, 2022

• Research to Consider as Schools Address Community Demands to Renegotiate School-Police Partnerships, ChildTrends, June 29, 2020

• What Do We Know About the Effects of School-Based Law Enforcement on School Safety?, Justice and Prevention Research Center, 2018 

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Research Reports on School Policing​​​​​​

• Effects of School Resource Officers on School Crime and Responses to School Crime, Criminology and Public Policy, July 22, 2020

• Why and When Do School Resource Officers Engage in School Discipline, American Journal of Education Forum, October 23, 2019

• Aggressive Policing and the Educational Performance of Minority Youth, American  Sociological Review, forthcoming, 2019​

• Patrolling Public Schools: The Impact of Funding for School Police on Student Discipline and Long-term Education Outcomes, policy brief (Education Research Center The University of Texas at Austin, November 2018) and full research paper (Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 2019)

• An Evaluation of Police Officers in Schools as a Bullying Intervention, Evaluation and Program Planning, December 2018

• School Policing: Results of a National Survey of School Resource Officers, Education Week, 2018

• Policing and Middle School: An Evaluation of a Statewide School Resource Officer Policy, Middle Grades Review, 2018

• School Resource Officers: Issues for Congress, Congressional Research Service, July 5, 2018

• Student Surveillance, Racial Inequalities, and Implicit Racial Bias, University of Florida College of Law, April 2017

• Assessing Students' Civil Rights Claims Against School Resource Officers, Pace Law Review, 2017 

• Be Her Resource:  A Toolkit About School Resource Officers and Girls of Color, Georgetown Law Center on Poverty and Inequality, 2017

• Bullies in Blue: The Origins and Consequences of School Policing, ACLU, 2017

• Impact of School Police: Many Unanswered Questions, Education Week, January 24, 2017

• Rethinking Law Enforcement Officers in Schools, University of Florida Law, 2016

• Students, Police, and the School-to-Prison Pipeline, Washington University Law Review, 2016

• School Resource Officers and Exclusionary Discipline in U.S. High Schools: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis, Adolescent Research Review, 2016

• School Resource Officers: Law Enforcement Officers in Schools, Congressional Research Service, 2013

• Students, Security and Race, University of Florida, 2013

• Misbehavior, Suspensions, and Security Measures in High School: Racial/Ethnic and Gender Differences, 2012

• Police Officers in Schools: Effects on School Crime and the Processing of Offending Behaviors, Justice Quarterly, 2011

State and Regional Reports on School Policing

• [Alabama] Hall Monitors with Handcuffs: How Alabama’s Unregulated, Unmonitored School Resource Officer Program Threatens the State’s Most Vulnerable Children, Alabama Appleseed, August 2019

• [California] No Police in Schools: A Vision for Safe and Supportive Schools in California, ACLU of CA, August 2021

• [California] The Right to Remain a Student: Police in California Schools , ACLU of California, 2016

• [Southern California] Our Right to Resources: School Districts are Cheating High-Need Students by Funding Law Enforcement, Gente Organizada, Public Advocates, and the ACLU Foundations of California, February 2020

• [Connecticut] Policing Connecticut's Hallways: The Prevalence and Impact of School Resource Officers in Connecticut, Connecticut Voices for Children, April 2019

• [Connecticut] Hard Lessons: School Resource Officer Programs and School-Based Arrests in Three Connecticut Towns, ACLU of Connecticut, November 2008

• [Florida] The Cost of School Policing, ACLU of Florida, September 2020

• [Florida] Safe to Learn: An Assessment of School Climate and Discipline in Florida, ACLU of Florida, June 2019

• [Louisiana] The Data Gap: School Policing in Louisiana, Southern Poverty Law Center, June 2019

• [Massachusetts] Fail:School Policing in Massachusetts, Center for Juvenile Justice and Strategies for Youth, September 2020

• [Massachusetts] Arrested Futures: The Criminalization of School Discipline, ACLU of Massachusetts, 2012

• [Michigan] For Naught: How Zero Tolerance Policy and School Police Practices Imperil Our Students' Future, ACLU of Michigan, 2015

• [Missouri] From School to Prison: Missouri's Pipeline of Injustice, ACLU of Missouri, September 2017

• [Montana] Empty Desks: Discipline & Policing in Montana's Public Schools, ACLU of Montana, December 201

• [Nebraska] From the Classroom to the Courtroom: A Review of Nebraska's School Police Programs, ACLU of Nebraska, December 2018

• [Pennsylvania] Student Arrests in Allegheny County Schools: The Need for Transparency and Accountability, ACLU of PA, January 2022

• [Pennsylvania] Police and Pennsylvania's Schools: What Education Leaders Need to Know, ACLU of PA, October 2019

• [Pennsylvania] Beyond Zero Tolerance: Discipline and Policing in Pennsylvania Public Schools, ACLU of Pennsylvania, February 2015

• [Rhode Island] The School-to-Prison Pipeline in Black and White, ACLU of Rhode Island, February 2015

• [Texas] Collateral Consequences: The Increase in Texas Student Arrests Following the Parkland and Santa Fe Tragedies, Texas Appleseed, July 2018

• [Texas] Dangerous Discipline: How Texas Schools are Relying on Law Enforcement, Courts, and Juvenile Probation to Discipline Students, Texas Appleseed and Texans Care for Children, 2015

• [Texas] Use of Force in Texas Public Schools: The Case for Transparency, Accountability and Decriminalization, ACLU of Texas, March 2011

• [Washington] Students Not Suspects: The Need to Reform School Policing in Washington State, ACLU of Washington, April 18, 2017