END ZERO TOLERANCE

General Trends

• Black Students and Students with Disabilities Remain More Likely to Receive Out-of-school Suspensions, Despite Overall Declines, ChildTrends, 2019

• Federal Data Shows Public Schools Nationwide Are a Hotbed of Racial Injustice, ACLU, 2018

• Compared to Majority White Schools, Majority Black Schools Are More Likely to Have Security Staff, Child Trends, 2018

• Discipline Disparities Grow for Students of Color, New Federal Data Show, Education Week, 2018

• City School Safety Data Shows Handcuffs Used Disproportionately on Black and Latino Students, New York Civil Liberties Union, 2017

• Policing the Schools: Minority Students More Likely to Be Suspended or Arrested, NBC News New York City, 2017.

• Black Students More Likely to Be Arrested at School, Education Week, 2017

• When California Schools Call Cops for Small Infractions it Disproportionately Hurts Minority Students, Civil Rights Study Finds​, The Los Angeles Times, 2016

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Teacher-Student Interactions

• If Schools Don’t Overhaul Discipline, ‘Teachers Will Still Be Calling the Police on Our Black Students,’ The Hechinger Report, 2021

• Black Students Receive Fewer Warnings from Teachers about Misbehavior, Illinois News, 2019

• Teacher Voice: Breaking the School-to-Prison-Pipeline with 'Windows and Mirrors' for Black Boys, The Hechinger Report, 2019

• Teacher Race and School Discipline, EducationNext, 2017

• Does Exposure to Teachers of the Same Race Affect Discipline?, endzerotolerance.org, 2017

• Stereotyping Across Intersections of Race and Age: Racial Stereotyping among White Adults Working with Children, PLOS One, 12, 2018

• Substantial Racial Stereotyping toward Young Children of Color Found among White Adults Who Work with Them, Harvard School of Public Health, 12, 2018

• Do Early Educators’ Implicit Biases Regarding Sex and Race Relate to Behavior Expectations and Recommendations of Preschool Expulsions and Suspensions?, A Research Study Brief, Yale Child Study Center, 2016

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Drivers of Disproportionality 

• Unpacking the Drivers of Racial Disparities in School Suspension and Expulsion, Watson Institute of International &Public Affairs, Brown University, 2019

• A Cigarette Only Changes Your Life if You Are Black, endzerotolerance.org, 2020

• What Are the Sources of School Discipline Disparities by Student Race and Family Income?, Education Research Alliance for New Orleans, 2017

• Reducing Racial Disparities in School Discipline Requires More than Eliminating "Zero  Tolerance" Policies, Scholars Strategy Network, April 2016

• Why Are We Criminalizing Black Students?, Education Week, 2017

• Can We Fix the Race Problem in America’s School Discipline?, Rolling Stone, 2014

• Why Do Racial Disparities in School Discipline Exist? The Role of Policies, Processes, People, and Places, Virginia Commonwealth University, 2017

• Student Surveillance, Racial Inequalities, and Implicit Racial Bias, University of Florida College of Law, 2017

• Inequality at School: What’s Behind the Racial Disparity in Our Education System?, American Psychological Association, 2016

• Schools, Black Children, and Corporal Punishment, Brookings,  2016

• You Can’t Fix What You Don’t Look At: Acknowledging Race in Addressing Racial Discipline Disparities, The Equity Project at Indiana University, 2014

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Major Reports

• Ignored, Punished, and Underserved: Understanding and Addressing Disparities in Education Experiences and Outcomes for Black Children with Disabilities, Bellwether, 2022

• Cops and No Counselors: How the Lack of Mental Health Staff is Harming Students, ACLU,  2019 

• 11 Million Days Lost: Race, Discipline, and Safety at U.S. Public Schools, The Civil Rights Project at UCLA and the ACLU of Southern California, 2018

• Do Black Students Misbehave More? Investigating the Differential Involvement Hypothesis and Out-of-school Suspensions, Journal of Educational Research, 2016

• Are Black Kids Worse? Myths and Facts About Racial Differences in Behavior: A Summary of the Literature, The Equity Project at Indiana University, March 2014

• Students, Security and Race. Low-income and minority students are much more likely to experience intense security conditions in their schools than other students, even when taking into account neighborhood crime, school crime, and school disorder, The University of Florida Law School, 2013

• Estimating the Effect of State Zero Tolerance Laws on Exclusionary Discipline, Racial Discipline Gaps, and Student Behavior, Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, American Educational Research Association, 2016

• Racial Threat and Punitive School Discipline, Social Problems, 2010

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Factsheets and Multimedia

• Discipline Disparities: Myths and Facts, The Equity Project at Indiana University

• Tackling Discrimination in America’s Schools, Trending Globally: Politics & Policy, 2019 (podcast)

• Research Summary: Racial Disparities in School Discipline, School Diversity Notebook, 2019

• Race, Discipline, and Safety at U.S. Public Schools, ACLU, 2018

• Research on Disproportionality in Discipline, National Association of School Psychologists, podcast, 2018 

• Racial Disparities in School Discipline, WHYY RadioTimes, 2014, discussion of racial disproportionality in discipline rates, charter schools and discipline, and alternative approaches to improving school climate [Podcast]

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Focus on Indigenous Students

• This School District Is Ground Zero for Harsh Discipline of Native Students in New Mexico, ProPublica, December 2022

• Are Native Youth Being Pushed into Prison [Infographic], National Congress of American Indians

• School-to-Prison Pipeline Has Deep Roots in Tangled History of Tribal Schools, Cronkite
  News, 2020

• Native American Students Left Behind by South Dakota Education System, Argus Leader, 2019

• Education Equity for All Students, Including Native Americans (Loleta, CA), ACLU of Northern California, resolution agreement 

• Tribal Members Urge School District to Provide Transparency Around Funding, ACLU of Northern California, 2019

• Empty Desks: Discipline & Policing in Montana's Public Schools, ACLU of Montana, 2019 

• From School Boards to Suspension Boards: Suspensions and Expulsions of Native American Students in California Public Schools, Sacramento Native American Higher Education Collaborative and the Community College Equity Assessment Lab, 2019 

• Racial Disparities in the Equality State (Wyoming), Wyoming Community Foundation, 2019

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